Quakers

Similar to other spiritualist movements

Jacob Boehme (1575-1624)

Cobbler

After wandering settled in Goerlitx

Fairly comfortable

First book: the Brilliant Dawn

Accused of heresy by his pastor

He was not allowed to publish

In five years, he began to write again

The work was published without his permission

Again his pastor accused him of heresy

Sent to the Saxon Count for further examination

No one knew whether he was guilty

Because no one knew what he

Said

“I have enough of the Bible with the book I have

If I have within the Spirit of Christ, the entire Bible

Is within me, Why would I wish for more books

Why discuss what is outside, while not having

Learned what is within me..

George Fox

Dispaired of finding the true church

Believed that everyone had an “inner light”

(similar to Puritan conscience)

urged by the Spirit to preach

Margaret Fell

William Penn

Emmanuel Swendenborg

Included here for no reason at all

Similar to fox and boehme

The idea that the eternal world “corresponds” to

World

The meaning of Scripture can only be known by

Those who have entered the spiritual world

Pietism:

Closely related to the more spiritual forms of Puritanism

Very concerned with the individual: like the mystics, the need to

Be born again In German, often called the wiedergeboren.

Spener, Philip

Pieta desideria (1675)

The colleges of piety

Stressed the equality of clergy and laity

Stress on private reading of the Bible without note or commend

Stressed the need for personal sanctification

Post-millennialist

Francke, Augustus Herman

Greatest of Spener followers

Tell the story of his conversion

Sudden conversion from personal unbelief

Organizations and voluntary societies

The Halle experiment

The birth of Protestant missions: from Denmark to India

Zinzendorff and the Moravians

The remains of the ancient hussites

The idea of Herrnhut

Outward conformity

Freedom for mission

A church within the church

Foreign missions

Very important in the US

Wesley and Methodist

The greatest spiritual movement in 18^th century England

Deeply influenced by the Moravians

The Holy Club

The Georgia Trip

Ms Sophie Hopkie

House arrest

Escape through South Carolina

Despair

The Aldersgate Experience

Peter Boeher

Preach Christ until you believe your own preaching

May 24, 1738

In the evening, I went very unwilllingly to a society In Aldersgate Street, where one was reading Luther’sPreface to the Romans. About a quarter before nine, while he was describing the change which God works in the heart through faith the heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart strangely warmed, I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone for salvation. And an assurance was given me, that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law He was describing the change which God works in of sin and death.

The decision to go to Bristol to continue George Whitefield’s

Revival

Whitefield’s relationship to Wesley

Early preaching in the open air

The revival picks up when Wesley preaches

He never looks back

Whitefield as the greatest preacher of his time

Wesley’s theology

Non-predestinarian

The concept of holiness

Arminianism

The idea that anyone can “accept Christ” closure with the Spirit

The Small group

Discipline and the Discipline

The circuit rider and the lay preacher

Originally everyone was an assistant to Wesley

The genius of a system that allowed everyone

to take a position of leadership

the circuit rider did not need education

one sermon

the testimony

local offficers

Hymns

Conflicts with the establishment

It is a dangerous thing to pretend to have the

Holy Spirit—Bishop Butler

Serious problem of not respecting parish

Boundaries

The American Crisis:

The decline of the Established Churches

No one to give the sacraments

Wesley had come to believe that ordination could

Be administered by any ordained person

Radical step of ordaining people for the former

Colonies

Wesley’s will would make the Methodist an

Independent church in England

The Religion of the Inner Heart: An Appraisal of the Puritan,

Precisionist, and Pietism movements

The search for a safe place for faith

The movement of the idea of reformation from the

Issue of the reform of the church to the

Issue of the reform of life.

Catholicism After Trent.

The most remarkable fact about Post-Trentine Catholicism was that the church became a world-wide phenomenon.

The Spanish Empire

Came to include both much of the Americans and the Philippine Islands

The real patronato

The exploitation of the Native Americans

The encomienda

The export of gold and silver

Missions to the area

First Franciscans in the area—1505

First Dominicans 1510

More than 10 million baptisms reported in the first fifty years

Goal was to eradicate all memory of earlier religions

Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala

The Talking Book—1613

Wove together Christian and indigenous traditions

to tell the story of Peru

concluded that since God punished pride and since

the Spanish were not punished, God was

not in Peru

Syncretism

Native religion and Roman faith often fused in ways not

Obvious to the priests

The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, for instance,

States that the Spanish brought the “true God” and

human misery, but that God would restore the Maya

Our Lady of Guadalupe

One of the many stories of Mary’s appearing

The most domesticated

Attempts to protect the Native Americans

Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566)

` secular priest send to minister to the settlers

became convinced that justice towards the Native Ameri-

cans was essential to Spanish honor

repeatedly appealed to the Pope and the King of Spain

his opponent was Juan Gines de Sepulveda who argued

that the native Americans were natural slaves—

Aristotle’s defense of slavery:

“This war and conquest are just because these

Barbaric, uneducated and inhuman people are by

Nature servants. Naturally, they refuse the governance which more prudent, powerful, and perfect human beings offer and which would result in their great benefit. By natural right and for the good of the all, the material ought to obey the spiritual, the body the soul, and the brutes the human beings, the women her husband, the imperfect the perfect, and the worse the better.”

Antonio de Valdivieso, Archbishop of Nicaragua

Deeply interested in the indigenous population

Killed in 1550 by Juan Barmijo and other settlers

Juan Del Valle called diocesian councils to deal with the problem

The system of reducciones or self contained colonies

Universities in the New world

1552—The University of Lima

1571—the pope recognizes universities in Lima, Santo Domingo

and Mexico

Bible translations and catechisms very important products of the mission

Toward Asia

Saint Francis Xavier

Originally supported by the King of Portugal

Converted the Pearl fishers of Goa who were outcasts

Beginning of a pattern in the Indian Churches

Both Catholics and Protestants would be heard gladly in

South India by those who

Discovered the Christians of St. Thomas (?)

Travelled as far as japan

Robert de Nobili

Came to India as a Geru in traditional Indian clothing

Tried to translate Christian ideas into Hindu constructs

Matteo Ricci (155201610)

Jesuit missionary to china

Claimed to be a western man of letters

Established no churches, only a philosophical school modeled

On Confucian practices

Taught mechanics, and astronomy and clock-making, then a

Western art, and book binding

Studied confucus

Translated “God” as “The Master of Heaven”

Tried to explain the Christian doctrine of the incarnation

Often used terms that suggested Buddhism: “The Master of

Heaven emitted a great thought of compassion and came

In person to save the world.”

The Establishment of the Propaganda to control Catholic work abroad. Official condemnation of syncretism.

Internal Missions: The Case of France

France did not publish the decrees of the Council of Trent

ST Vincent de Paul 9d. 1629)

Legend of imprisonment

The vincentian fathers or Lazarists

Their parish missions

The retreat before ordination

The Sisters of Clarity

Originally without vows: not enclosed

Nurses, social workers, and teachers

The Sulpicians

Jean-Jacque Olier

Educators of priests.

The Battle between Jansenists and Jesuits

Cornelius Jansen (d. 638)

Ethical rigorists

Augustinus

Antoine Arnauld

Great defender of Jansen

The Apology for Jansen

The Letters to a Duke

Port Royale

Under Arnauld sister Jacqueline or Angelique

Disbanded by Louis XIV on the advice of the Jesuits

Finally, even the cemetery was destroyed. The bones of

The nuns were given, some say, to the dogs.

Pascal

Provincial Letters

Made fun of the Jesuits

“probablism”—the Jesuits would grant absolution if

there was any possible reason to do so.

Debate tore apart the French church

1688 a peace negotiated

1708 Probablism condemned

1713 Jansenism condemned

Quietism:

1675: the publication of the Spiritual Guide of the Spaniard Miguel

de Molinos

advocated total passivity before God

no mean for “means” including sacraments

arrested by papal order and ordered to recant which he did

with “total humility.”

He was placed in a monastic prison for the rest of his life

Madame Guyon and Father Lacombe, her confessor

A Short and Simple Means of Prayer: related to Molinos

Argued that one might even have to sin to find grace

Visited the poor and worked with the sick

Close friend of Francois Fenelon

Hard battle with Jacque Bousset, a noted theologian

Over his advocacy of some of Madame

The Fall of the Jesuits in the 18^th century

Growing dissatisfaction with the papacy on the part of Catholic

Rulers

1763: Justin Frebonius: The State of the Church and the Legitimate Power of the Roman Pontif

Joseph II of Austria

Closed monasteries

Shaped Austria around his own concerns

Jesuits suppressed in 1763f